Cop-shop "police station" is attested from 1941. The children's game of cops and robbers is attested from 1900. A user on Word Reference answering a question about a French equivalent for "It's a fair cop, guv'nor." suggests The phrase goes back to the 19th century. Popularized by the novel Raffles, 1899. Can anyone corroborate and expand on this?
Workplaces are increasingly moving to an egalitarian style (if not egalitarian salaries or conditions), where superiors and inferiors are addressed by their first name, or by terms such as "colleague" or "associate". (If you actually want a term meaning a senior, there's a wide range depending on country, formality, industry etc: boss, guv'nor/guv, chief, gaffer, your majesty; and some formal ...
Guv is used plenty though, plenty of people use boss instead, in the same way. Particularly in immigrant communities. I personally use sir in the same way, as do some more old fashioned people as a form of general politeness. This usage is mainly employed in trade, if I get a taxi, the driver is liable to call me guv, or boss, or sir.
What is the origin of the British "guv"? Is it still used colloquially?
Criminals, at one stage, chose to deliberately repeat such well-worn expressions on arrest 'You've got me bang to rights, guv, I'm well and truly nicked'. When read out in court as a 'confession' it sounded so ridiculous that juries immediately jumped to the conclusion that it was a false documentation by arresting police, thus causing juries to side with the criminal.
You might even hear the odd "guv", and there are still professions with formal titles. To sum up:- In today's use, anyone you would call -chan, -kun, or -senpai, you should address by their given name. Anyone you know well enough to call by family name alone in Japanese, you should probably use given name for them too.