The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani (/ ˈroʊməni / ROH-mə-nee or / ˈrɒməni / ROM-ə-nee), colloquially known as the Roma (sg.: Rom), are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
The word Romani, an adjective that is used by all Romani peoples to describe themselves, is often nominalized and used in place of Roma. It may be spelled Romany, but this spelling is often used to specifically refer to the Romanichals, a Romani subgroup from England.
Romani immigrants began to voluntarily settle in North and South America in the 19th century. In the present, Romani communities are found throughout the world. Romani people share language and certain cultural similarities but encompass a wide range of social, cultural, and ethnic diversity.
Colloquially, and rather insultingly, known as 'gypsies', the history and culture of the Romani people is surrounded by stereotypes and misnomers, none more damningly pervasive than Esméralda from the Hunchback of Notre Dame.
The Real History of the Romani People and the Misnomer of Gypsies
Today, an estimated 10–12 million Romani live worldwide, primarily in Europe, the Americas, and parts of Asia. Though the term Gypsy is widely recognized, many prefer Roma or Romani to avoid historical stereotypes tied to exclusion and discrimination.
Currently, the Romani people are found worldwide, mainly concentrated in Europe, with an approximate population of 10 to 12 million. Small Romani populations are also found in the Middle East, the Caucasus region, and North and South Americas.
Romani language showcases a variety of dialects influenced by the regions where Romani communities have resided. Regional languages have left an imprint on the Romani language, enriching its vocabulary and syntax.